- "Historical Background - Sodium Acetate." Sodium Acetate. Weebly, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014.
- Tangient LLC, Eric Ablett. "Uses." SodiumAcetate -. Wikispaces, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014.
- "How Do You Get Heat from a Supercooled Solution? Explore the Chemistry Within Hand Warmers." How Do You Get Heat from a Supercooled Solution? Sciencebuddies, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014.
- "Amazing Rust.com - Hot Ice." Amazing Rust.com - Hot Ice. Amazing Rust, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014.
- Helmenstine, Anne Marie. "Hot Ice or Sodium Acetate." About.com Chemistry. NRelate, n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.
- "How to Make Hot Ice." WikiHow. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2014.
Saturday, 21 December 2013
Bibliography
Friday, 20 December 2013
Store bought Sodium Acetate Method V.S. Homemade sodium Acetate Method
The Homemade hot ice produces some pretty bad hot ice but will still usable. If you have already used up all your sodium acetate powder which had been obtained from the pan you can still initiate the freezing process by using baking soda. This method is not recommended as it can contaminate the solution and many reuses it will eventually stop working. The homemade method works but the reaction rate is slow and even if you did not burn it, its still not clear as store bought vinegar has impurities in it.
NaHCH3= Sodium Bicarbonate ( baking soda)
CH3COOH= Acetic acid ( Vinegar)
When a Sodium bicarbonate solution reacts with an Acetic acid, the result would be a Sodium Acetate.
Chemical reaction
NaHCH3+ CH3COOH = NaCH3COO+H2O+ CO2= C2H3NaCO2+H2O+CO2
C2H3NaO2+H2O+CO2= Chemical Formula for Sodium Acetate
Where as Laboratory grade chemicals give out much cleaner and faster reactive hot ice than what home chemistry can give. Instead of making Sodium acetate trihydrate which is slow, it would be preferable to buy it as it is cheaper for large quantities and gives the best quality Hot ice.
CH3COOH= Acetic acid ( Vinegar)
When a Sodium bicarbonate solution reacts with an Acetic acid, the result would be a Sodium Acetate.
Chemical reaction
NaHCH3+ CH3COOH = NaCH3COO+H2O+ CO2= C2H3NaCO2+H2O+CO2
C2H3NaO2+H2O+CO2= Chemical Formula for Sodium Acetate
Where as Laboratory grade chemicals give out much cleaner and faster reactive hot ice than what home chemistry can give. Instead of making Sodium acetate trihydrate which is slow, it would be preferable to buy it as it is cheaper for large quantities and gives the best quality Hot ice.
Cold Fire
There is an exact opposite reaction of Hot ice and it is Cold Fire. In Hot ice the reaction is Exothermic hence the reaction creating heat energy.Where as in Cold Fire the reaction is Endothermic as the absorbs heat.For a fire to be created it must require three components which are fuel, oxygen and heat. This is known as a fire triangle. Most agents extinguish fire by breaking down one 'leg' of the fire triangle, fuel and heat. Cold fire is considered to have 6 times the penetrating capability of water. Cold fire has an extraordinary capability of absorbing heat thus allowing it to penetrate fire more quickly, hence extinguishing it faster than normal rate.
Cold Fire also works to encapsulate the fuel source and its vapor and simultaneously begins to break down the molar structure of the hydrogen fuel source preventing re-ignition.
This is the exact opposite of what Hot ice does. Sodium acetate gives out heat energy making the ice hot. This can be used to give warmth when needed. Cold fire acts as an agent to absorb and extinguish heat. It can be used to put out a fire.
It is a non toxic and non corrosive solution, hence it can even pt out a fire on a booster or fuel tank.
This is just an example of the exact opposite of Hot Ice in case of wanting to switch experiments. Both are equally cool and are enjoyable to perform.
Other Medical Uses
DNA & RNA Isolation
DNA Isolation is the process of purifying DNA using a combination of chemical and physical methods.
DNA is not soluble in ethanol and isopropanol thus precipitation of DNA is improved by increasing the ionic strength generally using sodium acetate.
A modified and optimized method for RNA isolation was developed. It is based on a CTAB method including mercaptoethanol and PVPP with sequential Chloroform, Phenol, isoamyl alcohol extractions to remove protein, and polyhenols followed by two selective purification with LiCL and Sodium acetate in order to eliminate polysaccharedes. Though the introduced modifications are not new their addition resulted to be decisive for success in RNA isolation.
DNA & RNA Extraction
The principle of this single- step technique is that RNA is separated from DNA after extraction with acidic solution consisting chloroform,guanidinium thiocyante, phenol and sodium acetate.
The low pH sodium acetate tends to be used in some DNA extractions.
In acidic conditions, total RNA will remain in the upper aqueous phase of the entire mixture while DNA and proteins remain in the interphase or lower organic phase Recovery of RNA is then done by precipitation with isopropanol.
DNA Isolation is the process of purifying DNA using a combination of chemical and physical methods.DNA is not soluble in ethanol and isopropanol thus precipitation of DNA is improved by increasing the ionic strength generally using sodium acetate.
A modified and optimized method for RNA isolation was developed. It is based on a CTAB method including mercaptoethanol and PVPP with sequential Chloroform, Phenol, isoamyl alcohol extractions to remove protein, and polyhenols followed by two selective purification with LiCL and Sodium acetate in order to eliminate polysaccharedes. Though the introduced modifications are not new their addition resulted to be decisive for success in RNA isolation.
DNA & RNA Extraction
The low pH sodium acetate tends to be used in some DNA extractions.
In acidic conditions, total RNA will remain in the upper aqueous phase of the entire mixture while DNA and proteins remain in the interphase or lower organic phase Recovery of RNA is then done by precipitation with isopropanol.
Uses in the Field of Medicine
Sodium acetate in Clinical Pharmacology
Sodium is a principal cation of extra-cellular fluid. It comprises of more then 90 percent of total cations in its normal plasma concentration of an estimate of 140 mEq/ liter. The ion of sodium plays a major role in controlling the total body water and its distribution.
Acetate (CH3COO) is a hydrogen ion receptor. It also serves as an alternate source of bicarbonate(HCO3) by metabolic alteration in the liver. The conversion has been shown to advance, even in the presence of liver diseases.
Sodium acetate Injection:
USP (2 mEq/ml) is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, concentrated solution of sodium acetate present in water form in
the injection. The solution is administered after dilution by the intravenous route as an electrolyte replenisher.
Each ml contains 164 mg of sodium acetate (anhydrous) which would provide about 2 mEq each of sodium (Na+) and acetate (CH3COO. It may also contain acetic acid for pH adjustment; approximate pH- 6.5. The osmolar concentration is 4mOsmol/ml (calc.). A pharmacy bulk package is a container of sterile preparation for parental use that contains many single doses.
The contents are intended for the use in a pharmacy admixture program and are restricted to the preparation of admixtures for intravenous infusion. The solution is intended as an alternative to sodium chloride in order to provide sodium ion (Na+) for addition to large volume infusion fluids for intravenous use.
Sodium acetate injection USP (2 mEq/ml) is indicated as a source of sodium for addition to large volume intravenous fluids to prevent or correct hyponatremia in patients with restricted or no oral intake. It is also useful as an additive for preparing specific intravenous fluid formulas when the needs of the patient cannot be met by standard electrolyte or nutrient solutions.
Sodium is a principal cation of extra-cellular fluid. It comprises of more then 90 percent of total cations in its normal plasma concentration of an estimate of 140 mEq/ liter. The ion of sodium plays a major role in controlling the total body water and its distribution.
Acetate (CH3COO) is a hydrogen ion receptor. It also serves as an alternate source of bicarbonate(HCO3) by metabolic alteration in the liver. The conversion has been shown to advance, even in the presence of liver diseases.
Sodium acetate Injection:
USP (2 mEq/ml) is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, concentrated solution of sodium acetate present in water form in
the injection. The solution is administered after dilution by the intravenous route as an electrolyte replenisher.
Each ml contains 164 mg of sodium acetate (anhydrous) which would provide about 2 mEq each of sodium (Na+) and acetate (CH3COO. It may also contain acetic acid for pH adjustment; approximate pH- 6.5. The osmolar concentration is 4mOsmol/ml (calc.). A pharmacy bulk package is a container of sterile preparation for parental use that contains many single doses.
The contents are intended for the use in a pharmacy admixture program and are restricted to the preparation of admixtures for intravenous infusion. The solution is intended as an alternative to sodium chloride in order to provide sodium ion (Na+) for addition to large volume infusion fluids for intravenous use.
Sodium acetate injection USP (2 mEq/ml) is indicated as a source of sodium for addition to large volume intravenous fluids to prevent or correct hyponatremia in patients with restricted or no oral intake. It is also useful as an additive for preparing specific intravenous fluid formulas when the needs of the patient cannot be met by standard electrolyte or nutrient solutions.
Other Uses and Applications
Heating Pads:
Hot ice is generally found in heating pads. Small amounts of sodium acetate are positioned inside small pouches which contain a metal disc. When the user is in need of warmth, they will simply need to click on the metal disc inside the pouch which will then trigger the release of a few crystals of sodium acetate.
The sodium acetate liquid will immediately turn to its solid state and since the sodium acetate freezes at 54 degrees Celsius, the solid ice returns to the same temperature giving out heat.
Various types of hand warmers use permanent reactions that produce heat. Sodium acetate pads can be used repeatedly by just simply boiling them in hot water which will return the solid sodium acetate back into a liquid form.
Hand Warmers:
Hot ice is generally found in heating pads. Small amounts of sodium acetate are positioned inside small pouches which contain a metal disc. When the user is in need of warmth, they will simply need to click on the metal disc inside the pouch which will then trigger the release of a few crystals of sodium acetate.The sodium acetate liquid will immediately turn to its solid state and since the sodium acetate freezes at 54 degrees Celsius, the solid ice returns to the same temperature giving out heat.
Various types of hand warmers use permanent reactions that produce heat. Sodium acetate pads can be used repeatedly by just simply boiling them in hot water which will return the solid sodium acetate back into a liquid form.
Hand Warmers:
Hand warmers are small and practically disposable packets which are held by hand. They produce heat on demand and when they are shaken they produce heat energy. Depending on the type and source of heat, hand warmers can last about 30 minutes (re-crystallization) to 24 hours max (platinum catalyst).
They are almost as similar as the heat pads but they cannot be reused and they are air activated meaning that the sodium acetate inside the small bag reacts with the air particles in order to generate heat energy out into the surface.
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